Mayer’s Multimedia Principles

The 12 principles are:

1. Coherence Principle – People learn best when extraneous, distracting material is not included.‍
2. Signalling Principle – People learn better when cues that highlight the organization of the essential material are added.
3. Redundancy Principle – People learn better from graphics and narration than from graphics, narration and on-screen text. And when words are presented as narration rather narration and on-screen text.
4. Spatial Contiguity Principle – People learn better when corresponding words and pictures are presented near rather than far from each other on the page or screen.
5. Temporal Contiguity Principle – People learn better when corresponding words and pictures are presented simultaneously rather than successively.
6. Segmenting Principle – People learn better from a multimedia lesson is presented in learner controlled segments rather than as continuous unit.
7. Pre-training Principle – People learn better from a multimedia lesson when students know names and behaviors of system components.
8. Modality Principle – People learn better when words are presented as narration rather than as on-screen text.
9. Multimedia Principle – People learn better from words and pictures than from words alone.
10. Personalization Principle – People learn better from multimedia lessons when words are in conversational style rather than formal style.
11. Voice Principle – People learn better when the narration in multimedia lessons is spoken in a friendly human voice rather than a machine voice.
12. Image Principle – People do not necessarily learn better from a multimedia lesson when the speaker’s image is added to the screen.